GISdevelopment.net ---> AARS ---> ACRS 1989 ---> Poster Session 1 Demarcation of ground water potential zones satellite data: A case study of Jaipur district (India) Ram Ratan Saini Scientist, Remote Sensing Division B.A. Birla Science & Technology Area 27, Malviya Industrial Area Jaipur-17 (India) Abstract Remotely sensed data may effectively be utilized in targeting and exploration of ground water in arid and semi-arid regions its usefulness enhances much more in the case of hard rock terrain region, where water shortage is always felt.. In the present study, Jaipur District has been taken up to demonstrate the utility of satellite data in targeting of ground for the demarcation of ground water potential zones, (i) Geology (ii) Geomorphology (iii) Lineament/Fracture and there intersection density and (iv)Land use/Land cover maps have been drawn using visual interpretation technique along with ground truth collection. It is out come from the study that very high water potentiality is confined on very high lineament inter section density along with intensive cultivation on younger alluvial plains. Areas having 6 to 8 lineament/fracture inter section density along with intensive cultivation on alluvial plains fall under high groundwater potential zone. Area having 4 to 6 lineament/fracture intersection density fall under medium potential zone. In this zone older alluvial plans are found where generally two crops are sown within a year. Introduction water requirement is increasing very rapidly with the growth of human and animal population, irrigation and industries. In arid and semi-arid region, surface water resources are very much limited therefore water supply depends on availability of ground water potentiality. In Jaipur district investigation of ground water potential areas is much more important as 93 per cent irrigated area is being irrigated by the ground water exploration through wells. Jaipur district (26o 23' and 27o 51' N, 74 o 55' and 76o50'E , Area 1406 8 Sq., population 34 Lakhs) is situated in the eastern part of the Rajasthan State (India). The north-eastern part of the district is covered by hill ranges while southern and eastern part is pen plain with sand cover up to a thickness of 1 to 6 Metres. The district has semi-araid climate. The average annual rainfall is 556 mm. The rainfall generally increases from north-west to south-east Geology The rocks exposed in the district are pre-Delhi granites, granite, gneisses, schist and Alwar, Ajabgarh and Rialto formation of Delhi group. The major part of the district is covered by quarter- hairy sediments. The pre-Delhi group of rocks comorising Mica-schists and gneisse. Occupy a major part of the western part of the district. The rocks of Delhi super group from high relief in the north, north-east and south-eastern part of the district. The Rajalos are exposed in a small patch towards north-east of the district. (Fig. No. 1.A) The Aravalli hills and piedmont, plains contain good amount a fractures/lineaments because of multiphase tectonic movement. (Fig. 1.C) The lineament are generally parallel to the great boundary fruit of Rajasthan, Lineament intersection density also counted per 10 Sq. Km. and areas having equal density have been demarcated. Following table reveals that very high lineament intersection density constitute one fifth per cent area, particularly in central and eastern part of the district. (Fig. 1.D). A zone of high density is phases through south-western to south-eastern part of the district. About one third area of the district particularly in central, eastern and western part constitute medium density. Low and very low lineament intersection density is found in north-western and along the south border of the district. (Fig. 1.D). Fig. 1. Lineament Intersection Density in Jaipur District Sl.No. Category No. of intersection Area Percentatge 1. Very High 8 2832.00 20.13 2. High 6-8 1812.00 12.88 3. Medium 4-6 5310.00 37.75 4. Low 2-4 2452.00 17.43 5. Very Low 2 1662.00 11.81 Total 14068.00 100.00 Geomorphology Geomorphology is the most significant in ground water assessment because the rate of percolation, runoff, discharge and recharge vary in each geomorphic unit therefore ground water potentiality is also vary. In hilly region exploration of under ground water is limited because of high construction cost of wells, though there very high water accumulation is found due to multi phased techtonic activity. In piedmont plains medium to low water potentiality is found due to presence of hard rock beneath. Older alluvial plains are found throughout the district where medium water potentiality is found. (Fig.1.B). In younger alluvial plains ground water potentiality is very high because coarse to medium textured sands to loamy. Sands and sandy loam soils are good water bearing strata. Ad to this the plains are found along the river course and river flow along water bearing lineaments or faults. Generaly sand dunes have very low water potentiality but some old sand dunes have low water potentiality. Land use/land cover Land use/land cover basically depends on hydro geomorphic characteristic of features. Thus the land use/land cover indirectly give an idea about land forms which has agricultural activity, are the areas of good ground water potentiality. Further it can be said that increase in agricultural intensity directly related to the ground water potentiality. It is the most important indicator in arid and semi-arid region where agriculture depends on well irrigation. In this district about 52 per cent area is under Net Sown Area (NSA). More than 60 per cent NSA is found in central and eastern part of the district (Fig.2.A) which indicate that high ground water potentiality is found particularly in younger alluvial plains of Bangansa and Bandi riverse. Medium intensity of NSA is found in north-eastern area's , Viz. are Kotoutly, Baswa, Phagi and Chaksu tehsil (Fig.2.A). In these areas ground water potentiality is medium to low and very low water potential areasof western, north-western and south part of the district. (Fig. 2 A & B). Fig. 2. Water potential zones To delineate water potential zones in the district, the maps of Geology (Fig. 1.A) Geomorophology (Fig.1.B) Fracture/lineament inter-section density (Fig. 1.D) and land use /land cover (Fig.2.A) were super imposed and considering all these factors simultaneously, water potential zones have been demarcated (Fig. 2.B). Similar technique was adopted by the Ramswamy and Balkiwal 1 (1983), Dewangan and Udai Shankar2 (1983), but in present study land use/land cover factor in addition to those have also been discussed to make sure the results. Very high water potential zone Following table reveals that about one fourth part of the district has very high water potentiality. Particularly north-central part of the district falls under this zone. This zone is confined on hilly terrain of quartzite conglomerate and schist where lineament intersection density is very high. Geomorophically this zone spread over younger alluvial plains between the hill ranges. Agricultural practices is intensive only on younger alluvial plains . In this zone average yield3 of dug well is 1223 m3/d. Water potentiality in Jaipur District S. No. Category Area Percentage 1. Very High 3483.00 24.76 2. High 2642.00 18.78 3. Medium 4913.00 34.92 4. Low 1867.00 13.27 5. Very Low 1163.00 8.27 Total 14068.00 100.00 High water potential zone This zone constitute about 19 per cent area of the district. This zone is passes through south-west to southern-east of the district., In this zone younger alluvial plains of river Bhandi, Plashi and Morel are found along with the high lineament intersecting density and intensive agricultural practices. The average yield3 of dug wells of this zone is 700 M3/d . Medium water potential zone About 13 per cent area of the district belongs to Medium water potential zone. A belt of this category passes along western border of the district. Three small patches are found in Chaksu, Dudu, Jamwa Ramgarh, Basi and Baswa tehsils. A helt is also found in Lalsot and Sikraj tehsil, in the eastern part of the district. In this zone agricultural practices on older alluvial plains is being done regularly but cropping intensity is low. The average yield5 of dug wells in this zone 594 M3/d. Low water potential zone About 13 per cent area of the district has low water potentiality. Mainly two patches are found in (1) Phagi and Dudu (2) Southern Baswa, Northern Sikrai and Pausa Tehsils. In these areas generally rainfed crops are sown an calcareous sails. The average yield6 of dug wells of this zone is about 300 M3/d. Very Low water potential zone This zone is confined only in one patch covering 8 per cent area of the district. This patch is surrounded by sand dupes in western part of the district. In this zone rainfed crops is sawn. Megligible water is explored from this area. In this zone average yield7 of dug wells is 56 M3/d. Conclusions It is out come from the above discussion that the remote sensing technique along with integrated approach is very much helpful in demarcation of ground water potential zones in arid and semi-arid regions. Within water potential zone best may be identify for the ground water exploration with the help of resistivity syrvey. By studying land use/land cover it may be said that wherever lineament intersect to each other along with intensive cultivation that particular area may be very high ground water bearing. Acknowledgement Author is highly grateful to Dr. N.G. NAIR, Director, B.M. Birla Science and Technology Centre, Jaipur for providing infrastructure facilities for this study. References Ramaswamy, S.M. Bakliwal, P.C. (1983) Ground Water Targeting of Bended Gineissic complex, Rajasthan Through Remote Sensing, Proc. Nat. Symn. on Remote Sensing in Development and Management of Water Resources. Dewangan, K.N. & Shankar, U.S. (1983) Use of Landsat Imagery inGround Water Investigation in part of Nayil Basin, Tamil Nadu, Proc. Nat. Syen, on Remote Sensing in Developmentn and Management of Water Resources. Water potentiality and Development, Jaipur District Report, Central Ground Water Boarder Jaipur, India. P.68. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid Ibid.